IEEE

A framework of blockchain-based Internet of Things (IoT ) data management is defined in this standard. It identifies the common building blocks of the framework that blockchain enabled during IoT data lifecycle including data acquisition, processing, storage, analyzing, usage/exchange and obsoletion, and the interactions among these building blocks.

Defined in this standard is the general process of cryptocurrency payment between consumers and merchants. This process describes how a consumer purchases goods or services with cryptocurrency and how the merchant receives fiat money in return. It involves multiple aspects such as cryptocurrency payment operators playing an agent role, consumers owning cryptocurrency, merchant accessing to a cryptocurrency payment platform, banks, and cryptocurrency exchanges.

Described in this standard is the blockchain-based application reference architecture of e-invoice business, including roles of participants, typical business scenarios, platform frameworks, and security requirements.

A framework of a custodian service for cryptocurrency and token assets is defined in this standard. Custodian reference technical architecture, business logic description, custodian service business models, digital asset evaluation criteria, operational procedure models, and regulatory requirement support models are included in this framework.

This standard defines an extension framework based on IEEE 2140.1-2020. The extension framework uses a Smart Contract mechanism to process transactions on an exchange, to replace the role of exchange operators. This standard also defines a series of extensible interfaces for the exchange scenario, enabling support of third-party financial derivatives using tokens.

In this standard requirements are defined for multiple aspects of security management for customer cryptographic assets on cryptocurrency exchanges, such as user identification using multi-factor authentication, prioritized protection of customer assets under unforeseen circumstances, and professional ethics of operation for cryptocurrency exchange platforms.

Self-discipline and professional ethics of cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as relevance between them and to cryptocurrency wallets are covered in this standard. Exchange business logic, operational procedures, user authentication programs are also covered in this standard. In addition, a small but necessary technical category of requirements, including terminologies, basic architectural framework, key indicators, end-user interface specifications, in order to achieve the previously mentioned goals is covered in this standard.

This standard can be applied to internet-based business scenarios, and can also be served serve as a practical guide to achieve help assess business security risk control through the big data technology. This standard can be applied in other types of organization, including public or privately-owned or state-owned enterprises, associations, or organizations, or by individuals, to improve assessment of their protection capability against business security risks based on big data technology.

This standard establishes a practical, technical baseline of specific methodologies and tools for the development, implementation, and use of effective fail-safe mechanisms in autonomous and semi-autonomous systems. The standard includes (but is not limited to): clear procedures for measuring, testing, and certifying a system's ability to fail safely on a scale from weak to strong, and instructions for improvement in the case of unsatisfactory performance. The standard serves as the basis for developers, as well as users and regulators, to design fail-safe mechanisms in a robust, transparent, and accountable manner.

Blockchain-based digital assets exist in a specific system in the form of digitization. Considering the diversity of blockchain systems and applications, as well as the diversity of digital assets in these systems and applications, digital assets based on blockchain systems have typical characteristics such as intangibility, encryption verification mechanism, use of distributed ledgers, decentralization, consensus algorithms, etc. For better classification and management, this standard provides a unified classification method for blockchain digital assets for reference. This standard proposes the principles and methods for the classification of blockchain-based digital assets. This standard follows the principles of scientificity, systematicness and scalability, and proposes an attribute-based classification method for blockchain digital assets, whose classification attributes include technical attributes, economic attributes and legal attributes.

The technical architecture and details of three cross-chain approaches is described in this standard, including Centralized/Multi-signature Notary-based cross-chain technology, HTLC-based cross chain technology and Relay Chain-based cross-chain technology.

This standard defines a set of protocols that enable Blockchain networks to locate each other's trusted nodes through standardized names. The set of protocols define a naming scheme, an interface for name registration, and the data format that request and response messages use to resolve names.