Standard

Big Data is a term used to describe the large amount of data in the networked, digitized, sensor-laden, information-driven world. While opportunities exist with Big Data, the data can overwhelm traditional technical approaches and the growth of data is outpacing scientific and technological advances in data analytics. To advance progress in Big Data, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) is working to develop consensus on important, fundamental concepts related to Big Data. The results are reported in the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework series of volumes. This volume, Volume 6, summarizes the work performed by the NBD-PWG to characterize Big Data from an architecture perspective, presents the NIST Big Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA) conceptual model, and discusses the components and fabrics of the NBDRA.

The potential for organizations to capture value from Big Data improves every day as the pace of the Big Data revolution continues to increase, but the level of value captured by companies deploying Big Data initiatives has not been equivalent across all industries. Most companies are struggling to capture a small fraction of the available potential in Big Data initiatives. The healthcare and manufacturing industries, for example, have so far been less successful at taking advantage of data and analytics than other industries such as logistics and retail. Effective capture of value will likely require organizational investment in change management strategies that support transformation of the culture, and redesign of legacy processes. In some cases, the less-than-satisfying impacts of Big Data projects are not for lack of significant financial investments in new technology. It is common to find reports pointing to a shortage of technical talent as one of the largest barriers to undertaking projects, and this issue is expected to persist into the future. This volume explores the adoption of Big Data systems and barriers to adoption; factors in maturity of Big Data projects, organizations implementing those projects, and the Big Data technology market; considerations for implementation and modernization of Big Data systems; and, Big Data readiness.

Big Data is a term used to describe the large amount of data in the networked, digitized, sensor-laden, information-driven world. The growth of data is outpacing scientific and technological advances in data analytics. Opportunities exist with Big Data to address the volume, velocity and variety of data through new scalable architectures. To advance progress in Big Data, the NIST Big Data Public Working Group (NBD-PWG) is working to develop consensus on important, fundamental concepts related to Big Data. The results are reported in the NIST Big Data Interoperability Framework (NBDIF) series of volumes. This volume, Volume 1, contains a definition of Big Data and related terms necessary to lay the groundwork for discussions surrounding Big Data.

ISO 19109:2015 defines rules for creating and documenting application schemas, including principles for the definition of features.The scope of this International Standard includes the following:(1) conceptual modelling of features and their properties from a universe of discourse;(2) definition of application schemas;(3) use of the conceptual schema language for application schemas;(4) transition from the concepts in the conceptual model to the data types in the application schema; and(5) integration of standardized schemas from other ISO geographic information standards with the application schema.The following are outside the scope:(a) choice of one particular conceptual schema language for application schemas;(b) definition of any particular application schema;(c) representation of feature types and their properties in a feature catalogue;(d) representation of metadata;(e) rules for mapping one application schema to another;(f) implementation of the application schema in a computer environment;(g) computer system and application software design; and(h) programming.

This document describes the architecture of systems for the internet of media things.

ISO 19110:2016 defines the methodology for cataloguing feature types. This document specifies how feature types can be organized into a feature catalogue and presented to the users of a set of geographic data. This document is applicable to creating catalogues of feature types in previously uncatalogued domains and to revising existing feature catalogues to comply with standard practice. This document applies to the cataloguing of feature types that are represented in digital form. Its principles can be extended to the cataloguing of other forms of geographic data. Feature catalogues are independent of feature concept dictionaries defined in ISO 19126 and can be specified without having to use or create a Feature Concept Dictionary. ISO 19110:2016 is applicable to the definition of geographic features at the type level. This document is not applicable to the representation of individual instances of each type. This document excludes portrayal schemas as specified in ISO 19117. ISO 19110:2016 may be used as a basis for defining the universe of discourse being modelled in a particular application, or to standardize general aspects of real world features being modelled in more than one application.

This document defines the conceptual schema for the description of referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define coordinate reference systems. This document supports the definition of:(1) spatial coordinate reference systems where coordinate values do not change with time. The system may:- be geodetic and apply on a national or regional basis, or- apply locally such as for a building or construction site, or- apply locally to an image or image sensor; or- be referenced to a moving platform such as a car, a ship, an aircraft or a spacecraft. Such a coordinate reference system can be related to a second coordinate reference system which is referenced to the Earth through a transformation that includes a time element;(2) spatial coordinate reference systems in which coordinate values of points on or near the surface of the earth change with time due to tectonic plate motion or other crustal deformation. Such dynamic systems include time evolution, however they remain spatial in nature;(3) parametric coordinate reference systems which use a non-spatial parameter that varies monotonically with height or depth;(4) temporal coordinate reference systems which use dateTime, temporal count or temporal measure quantities that vary monotonically with time; and(5) mixed spatial, parametric or temporal coordinate reference systems.The definition of a coordinate reference system does not change with time, although in some cases some of the defining parameters can include a rate of change of the parameter. The coordinate values within a dynamic and in a temporal coordinate reference system can change with time. This document also describes the conceptual schema for defining the information required to describe operations that change coordinate values. In addition to the minimum data required for the definition of the coordinate reference system or coordinate operation, the conceptual schema allows additional descriptive information - coordinate reference system metadata - to be provided. This document is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, the principles described in this document can be extended to many other forms of spatial data such as maps, charts and text documents.

This document defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers and defines the components of a spatial reference system. It also specifies a conceptual scheme for a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included in this document. This document enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. This document is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.

This document is the first of a family of standards. ISO 19115-1:2014 defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services by means of metadata. It provides information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal aspects, the content, the spatial reference, the portrayal, distribution, and other properties of digital geographic data and services. ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to:(a) the cataloguing of all types of resources, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets and services; and(b) geographic services, geographic datasets, dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.ISO 19115-1:2014 defines:(1) mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements;(2) the minimum set of metadata required to serve most metadata applications (data discovery, determining data fitness for use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data and services);(3) optional metadata elements to allow for a more extensive standard description of resources, if required; and(4) a method for extending metadata to fit specialized needs.Though ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to digital data and services, its principles can be extended to many other types of resources such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic data. Certain conditional metadata elements might not apply to these other forms of data.

This document specifies the data structure and content of an interface that permits communication between position-providing device(s) and position-using device(s) enabling the position-using device(s) to obtain and unambiguously interpret position information and determine, based on a measure of the degree of reliability, whether the resulting position information meets the requirements of the intended use. A standardized interface for positioning allows the integration of reliable position information obtained from non-specific positioning technologies and is useful in various location-focused information applications, such as surveying, navigation, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and location-based services (LBS).

ISO 19117:2012 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geospatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.

ISO 19118:2011 specifies the requirements for defining encoding rules for use for the interchange of data that conform to the geographic information in the set of International Standards known as the _ISO 19100 series. ISO 19118:2011 specifies requirements for creating encoding rules based on UML schemas, requirements for creating encoding services, and requirements for XML-based encoding rules for neutral interchange of data. ISO 19118:2011 does not specify any digital media, does not define any transfer services or transfer protocols, nor does it specify how to encode inline large images.